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Post-communism --- Suffering --- Affliction --- Masochism --- Pain --- Postcommunism --- World politics --- Communism --- Religious aspects. --- Former communist countries --- Former Soviet bloc --- Second world (Former communist countries) --- Communist countries --- Religion.
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From 1998 to 2005, six elections took place in postcommunist Europe that had the surprising outcome of empowering the opposition and defeating authoritarian incumbents or their designated successors. Valerie J. Bunce and Sharon L. Wolchik compare these unexpected electoral breakthroughs. They draw three conclusions. First, the opposition was victorious because of the hard and creative work of a transnational network composed of local opposition and civil society groups, members of the international democracy assistance community and graduates of successful electoral challenges to authoritarian rule in other countries. Second, the remarkable run of these upset elections reflected the ability of this network to diffuse an ensemble of innovative electoral strategies across state boundaries. Finally, elections can serve as a powerful mechanism for democratic change. This is especially the case when civil society is strong, the transfer of political power is through constitutional means, and opposition leaders win with small mandates.
Authoritarianism --- Democracy --- Political science --- Politrical science --- General --- Former communist countries --- Politics and government. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / General --- Authority --- Self-government --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Former Soviet bloc --- Second world (Former communist countries) --- Communist countries --- General. --- Social Sciences --- Political Science
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The break-up of the Soviet Union is a key event of the twentieth century. The 39th IIS congress in Yerevan 2009 focused on causes and consequences of this event and on shifts in the world order that followed in its wake. This volume is an effort to chart these developments in empirical and conceptual terms. It has a focus on the lands of the former Soviet Union but also explores pathways and contexts in the Second World at large. The Soviet Union was a full scale experiment in creating an alternative modernity. The implosion of this union gave rise to new states in search of national identity. At a time when some observers heralded the end of history, there was a rediscovery of historical legacies and a search for new paths of development across the former Second World. In some parts of this world long-repressed legacies were rediscovered. They were sometimes, as in the case of countries in East Central Europe, built around memories of parliamentary democracy and its replacement by authoritarian rule during the interwar period. Some legacies referred to efforts at establishing statehood in the wake of the First World War, others to national upheavals in the nineteenth century and earlier. In Central Asia and many parts of the Caucasus the cultural heritage of Islam in its different varieties gave rise to new markers of identity but also to violent contestations. In South Caucasus, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan have embarked upon distinctly different, but invariably contingent, paths of development. Analogously core components of the old union have gone through tumultuous, but until the last year and a half largely bloodless, transformations. The crystallization of divergent paths of development in the two largest republics of that union, id est Russia and Ukraine, has ushered in divergent national imaginations but also in series of bloody confrontations.
Post-communism --- Social change --- Change, Social --- Cultural change --- Cultural transformation --- Societal change --- Socio-cultural change --- Social history --- Social evolution --- Former communist countries --- Former Soviet bloc --- Second world (Former communist countries) --- Communist countries --- Social conditions.
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Approaching the early decades of the "Iron Curtain" with new questions and perspectives, this important book examines the political and cultural implications of the communists' international initiatives. Building on recent scholarship and working from new archival sources, the seven contributors to this volume study various effects of international outreach-personal, technological, and cultural-on the population and politics of the Soviet bloc. Several authors analyze lesser-known complications of East-West exchange; others show the contradictory nature of Moscow's efforts to consolidate
Exchange of persons programs, Soviet --- Soviet exchange of persons programs --- History. --- Communist countries --- Soviet Union --- Iron curtain lands --- Russian satellites --- Second world (Communist countries) --- Soviet bloc --- Former communist countries --- Relations. --- Relations
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Europe, Eastern --- Communist countries --- History --- Europe [Eastern ] --- 1945-1989 --- Europe, Eastern - History - 1945-1989. --- Europe, Eastern - History - 1945-1989 --- Communist countries - History
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Communist state --- Communist countries --- Congresses --- Politics and government --- 329.15 --- Communistische partijen --- 329.15 Communistische partijen
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